Study notes on Metaphysical Poetry. Essay Example For Students

Study notes on Metaphysical Poetry. Essay Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical poetry arose as a reaction to the extremes of Patriarchies; one problem with Patriarchate poems is a kind of predictability-the conceit is found, presented, elaborated, but there are few subsequent surprises. Done and his followers like to catch us off-guard, change direction, etc. , to foil expectations. Metaphysical poetry is, in general, characterized by its ingenuity, intellectuality, and frequent obscurity. In terms of subject matter, metaphysical reject not only Patriarchate rhetoric but also he pose of abject worship of the mistress which consenters had inherited via Patriarch from the troubadours; in its place they put sexual realism and an interest in introspective psychological analysis of the emotions of love and religion (sometimes expressing the one in terms of the other, and sometimes actually being metaphysical in subject matter too). These poets showed a penchant for the novel and the shocking, and relished obscurity, rough verse, strained imagery, and at their best can be startlingly effective. We will write a custom essay on Study notes on Metaphysical Poetry. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Done set the pattern by writing in a diction meter doodled on the rough give-and-take of actual speech, and usually organized his poems in the dramatic and rhetorical form of an urgent or heated argument (with reluctant mistress, intruding friend, God, Death, himself). Employed a subtle and often deliberately outrageous logic; realistic, ironic, and sometimes cynical in his treatment of the complexity of human motives, whether in matters of love or religion. Reputation-decline in 18th-19th centuries during which time they were seen as interesting but perversely ingenious and obscure eccentrics. Big upsurge in the 20th uh to the favorable press from the likes of T. S. Eliot and Dylan Thomas. Metaphysical Conceit->a highly ingenious kind of conceit widely used by the metaphysical poets, who explored all areas of knowledge to find, in the startlingly esoteric or the shockingly commonplace, telling and unusual analogies for their ideas. Metaphysical conceits often exploit verbal logic t o the point of the grotesque and sometimes achieve such extravagant turns on meaning that they become absurd (e. G. Richard Crashers description of Mary Magdalene eyes as Two walking baths; woo weeping insupportable and compendious oceans). These conceits work best when the reader is given a perception of a real but previously unsuspected similarity that is enlightening; then they may speak to our minds and emotions with force. Examples of potential metaphysical conceits->love is like an oil change; love is like a postage stamp; love is like a pair of compasses; the soul of a sinner is like a damaged pot. As you can see, the temptation to be merely clever must be hard to resist, while the difficulty in making such a conceit truly effective is quite considerable.

Free Essays on Agent Orange

Agent Orange Just saying the name Agent Orange gets the attention of every Vietnam veteran, and I dare say most of the Australian and American public, not to mention the Vietnamese. Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. Although the genesis of the product goes back to the 1940s, serious testing for military applications did not begin until the early 1960s. The purpose of the product was to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide. The product â€Å"Agent Orange† (a code name for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in) was principally effective against broad-leaf foliage, such as the dense jungle-like terrain found in Southeast Asia. The product was tested in Vietnam in the early 1960s, and was brought into ever widening use during the height of the war in 1967-68, though it’s use was diminishing and eventually discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals, known conventionally as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. The combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle, and hand spraying. An estimated 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were used in South Vietnam during the war. The earliest health concerns about Agent Orange were about the product’s contamination with TCDD, or dioxin. TCDD is one of a family of dioxins, some found in nature, and are cousins of dibenzofurans and PCB’s. Dioxin is formed by burning achlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environment (95%) comes from incinerators burning chlorinated wastes. Dioxin pollution is also affiliated with paper mills, which use chlorine bleaching in their process and with the production of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastics. The TCDD that can be found in Agent Orange is thought to be harmful to man. In l... Free Essays on Agent Orange Free Essays on Agent Orange Agent Orange Just saying the name Agent Orange gets the attention of every Vietnam veteran, and I dare say most of the Australian and American public, not to mention the Vietnamese. It has been argued about, written about, researched and debated, published in magazines and newspapers, talked about on radio and television. It was the subject of documentaries, legal battles, and in Australia a Royal Commission that lasted some two years and cost 3.8 million dollars. Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. Although the genesis of the product goes back to the 1940’s, serious testing for military applications did not begin until the early 1960’s. The purpose of the product was to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide. The product "Agent Orange" (a code name for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in) was principally effective against broad-leaf foliage, such as the dense jungle-like terrain found in Southeast Asia. The product was tested in Vietnam in the early 1960’s, and was brought into ever widening use during the height of the war in 1967-68, though it’s use was diminished and eventually discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals, known conventionally as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. the combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle, and hand spraying. An estimated 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were used in South Vietnam during the war. The earliest health concerns about Agent Orange were about the product’s contamination with TCDD, or dioxin. TCDD is one of a family of dioxins, some found in nature, and are cousins of dibenzofurans and PCB’s. Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environm... Free Essays on Agent Orange Agent Orange Just saying the name Agent Orange gets the attention of every Vietnam veteran, and I dare say most of the Australian and American public, not to mention the Vietnamese. Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. Although the genesis of the product goes back to the 1940s, serious testing for military applications did not begin until the early 1960s. The purpose of the product was to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide. The product â€Å"Agent Orange† (a code name for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in) was principally effective against broad-leaf foliage, such as the dense jungle-like terrain found in Southeast Asia. The product was tested in Vietnam in the early 1960s, and was brought into ever widening use during the height of the war in 1967-68, though it’s use was diminishing and eventually discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals, known conventionally as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. The combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle, and hand spraying. An estimated 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were used in South Vietnam during the war. The earliest health concerns about Agent Orange were about the product’s contamination with TCDD, or dioxin. TCDD is one of a family of dioxins, some found in nature, and are cousins of dibenzofurans and PCB’s. Dioxin is formed by burning achlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environment (95%) comes from incinerators burning chlorinated wastes. Dioxin pollution is also affiliated with paper mills, which use chlorine bleaching in their process and with the production of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastics. The TCDD that can be found in Agent Orange is thought to be harmful to man. In l...

From Argonaut to Internaut

From Argonaut to Internaut From Argonaut to Internaut From Argonaut to Internaut By Maeve Maddox The combining form -naut gives English several words that convey a type of traveler. The Greek word for sailor was ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ€žÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (nautes). Classical Latin mesonauta referred to a sailor â€Å"intermediate in rank between a rower and a steersman.† Classical Latin Argonauta referred to the sailors who traveled with Jason in the Argo (his ship). The earliest â€Å"naut word† in English is the noun Argonaut (1596): one of the legendary heroes who accompanied Jason in the Argo in his quest of the Golden Fleece. Because of their quest for gold, the US â€Å"forty-niners† (gold-seekers who went to California in 1849) were also referred to as argonauts. Here, with the date of their earliest citation in the OED, are some other â€Å"naut words† in English: aeronaut (1784) A person who makes balloon ascents or flies in a balloon, a balloonist. aquanaut (1881) An underwater ‘explorer’ or swimmer. astronaut (1928) A person who travels in space; especially a person who is (or has been) a crewmember on board a spacecraft or on a space mission. cosmonaut (1959) A traveler in outer space; an astronaut (especially a Russian space traveler). cybernaut (1965) A robot (1973) A computer user (1990) A person who interacts with a virtual reality environment using computer technology internaut (1992) A user of the Internet, especially a skilled or habitual one. Note: Internaut first shows on the Ngram Viewer in 1991 and leaps upward from there. In French, the word internaute is the equivalent of â€Å"internet user.† According to Wikipedia, English internaut â€Å"refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet,† but internaut as a one-word option for â€Å"internet user† has its appeal. oceanaut (1962) Another word for aquanaut. If you are wondering why juggernaut is not in the list of â€Å"naut words,† here’s your answer. The naut in juggernaut is not the combining form that means sailor or traveler. It’s an accident of spelling. In Hindu religion, Jaggernaut is a title of Krishna. The title derives from Hindi Jagannath, â€Å"Lord of the world.† In an annual ceremony, a representation of this incarnation is carried in procession by an enormous vehicle. The ritual is especially associated with the town of Puri in India. According to legend, devotees there once allowed themselves to be crushed under the wheels of the cart in sacrifice. The word juggernaut is used figuratively to mean, â€Å"anything that demands blind devotion or merciless sacrifice and â€Å"a massive inexorable force or object that advances irresistibly and crushes whatever is in its path.† For example, Donald  Trump  is a  political juggernaut  with a carnival barkers draw.- Dallas News Game of Thrones: Can HBO’s Juggernaut Maintain Its Momentum?- The Fiscal Times. In the following examples, the word unstoppable is redundant: The big unstoppable juggernaut proved the inspiration for so many players- Independent (Ireland) At first glance the Argonaut High girls  basketball  team looks like an  unstoppable juggernaut.  Auburn Journal Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Winston Graham and Daly Car Sales Ltd Law Contract Essay

Winston Graham and Daly Car Sales Ltd Law Contract - Essay Example In order to explain these, one is required to ask himself a question. How is the incorporation of terms done in a contract? At a first glance, the question might look unqualified since one would expect the terms to be included in the contract explicitly. In regard to Express Terms, they are those terms, which have been stipulated and agreed by the parties at the instance of making the contract. Express terms could be expressed in writing or orally. On the other hand, implied terms are usually not mentioned when entering into a contract but nonetheless, they are included in the contract. Often, this is due to the fact that there is no commercial sense in regard to the contract if the term is not incorporated. According to the Sale of Goods act, the key provision, which the seller of the light truck has breached are; section 14 of the statue that states that goods ought to be of satisfactory quality. As such, it is a must that they meet the standards a person, who is reasonable, would consider satisfactory. Moreover, if the buyer makes a clear specification that he is buying for a stipulated purpose, then the underlying implied term is that the purpose of the goods then must be fit. This therefore, introduces the first legal issue, which is breach of the contract. However, this issue will be discussed among the legal issues imminent in the case.Consumer goods are read as any item, which is movable and movable but with the exception of; goods sold engaging execution way of selling or otherwise sold. due to authority of law and gas as well as water whereby, they have neither been put up for sale in a quantity, which has been set nor in a limited volume. Still, consumer goods exclude electricity. Selling of consumer goods must be in such a way that they are in conformity with the sale contract. As such, as with this case, they are regarded as in conformity with the contract of sale if the goods are fit for the intended purpose in regard to the use of the same type o f goods (Borchel 2005). Furthermore, they conform to the sale contract if they are fit for a specified purpose required by the consumer and for which the buyer has explicitly informed the seller about at the time the contract is being concluded and at the time the seller accepts the contract. Moreover, they are said to conform with the contract of sale if their quality and performance are indeed satisfactory. This is if at all the nature of the

Family business research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family business research - Essay Example Rathgeber and Richard N. Dino. COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE COMMON ISSUES FACED BY FAMILY BUSINESSES IN DIFFERENT NATIONS Succession Planning. Study of the Australian family businesses also revealed that formal ownership and management succession planning remains to be a less considered option in many family businesses, wherein more than a half of the total family business proprietors tend to engage in estate planning following the footsteps of their senior family members. With regards to the family businesses operating in the US, the survey report found that 39% of respondents need to worry about their business succession plan and future sustainability plan, where less than 50% of the family businesses are able to constrict their managerial control within the descendants of the actual proprietor. Consequently, the survey results depicted that in the US, the most challenging issue faced by family businesses is succession planning (as ranked by 52% of the total survey respondents) as c ompared to the Australian family business and others (Rathgeber and Dino 9-18). Strategic Planning. The other most important issue commonly faced by the family businesses is strategic planning. As per the recent survey report of Rathgeber and Dino, it was found that in the US based family businesses, strategic planning (which is ranked as the most challenging issue by 20% of the US respondents) is considered to be one of the biggest issues. Reflecting a similar scenario, in Australia, the issue related to strategic planning, is also referred as the key issue in family businesses (Rathgeber and Dino 9-18). Comparatively, in the survey conducted by KPMG, it has been evidently revealed that in the global context, the family business owners tend to focus on the strategic planning issues very frequently as compared to other managerial challenges. Building a good strategic planning is very much significant for the family business owners in any country, wherein most entrepreneurs (especial ly those belonging to the previous generation) show deficiency in terms of having adequate knowledge regarding the changing requirements of businesses at corporate levels in the 21st century (International Centre For Families In Business 1-7; KPMG 6-12). Governance. From the survey report of KPMG it was also found that 80% of the male members hold this position rather than women in Australia, which apparently depicts a gender based segregation persisting in this particular realm of the global business world that imposes considerable effects on their governance systems (6-12). Comparatively, although the top level decision makers in family businesses commonly involve the male members of the family, middle level management positions, such as General Managers and member of the mid-level management team involves approximately 30% of females in Australian family businesses unlike the US and the UK, where parity in gender bases are more apparent in the managerial positions of family busin esses’ governance structure (International Centre For Families In Business 1-7; KPMG 6-12). Conflicts. Survey report conducted by Rathgeber and Dino revealed that in the US, conflicts hamper around 24% of the respondents of the family

Not Enough Drinking Water Essay Example for Free

Not Enough Drinking Water Essay Pop culture has recently become obsessed with trying to provide clean drinking water to those who do not have it. This is a pathetic issue to choose to fix. These poor people are a waste of space and need to learn how to fix their own problems instead of turning to the reach to fix them. Do you think the rich got rich by relying on other people? No. They found easy solutions to their difficult problems. People have wasted tons of money on giving these people clean water supplies when there are cheap solutions to get the job done. For one these people should just drink their own urine. It is full of vitamins and nutrients that at the time the body doesn’t need but will at a later date. It also would make an endless cycle and the people would always have a supply of it. Drinking urine would be almost completely free, all that would be needed would be some kind of bottle to collect and contain it in until it was needed again. With this solution every person would have their very own source of water and people would never have to fight over it or share supplies again. It would also teach people to become much more self-sufficient because they are supplying their own source of life. Another easy solution is to make the people of these very poor areas used to not having any water by contaminating the little supply they have and forcing them to become assimilated to their new way of life. This is a perfect example of natural selection, the most fit will survive and be able to reproduce while the rest will die off. This will cause future generations of people to be well adapted to having little water and let them live much longer. This would be completely cost free; the only thing that would need to be done is some mud will need to be thrown into the large sources of drinking water. Some people feel that giving these pathetic people drinking water or drilling wells will fix the problems but they won’t this will only make the problem worse by showing these people that they can always rely on other people. Giving them other ways to get safe water is a complete waste of time and money. The world needs to see this fact and ban together to follow cheaper easier and faster ways of helping these poor pathetic people.

What it Means to Value Another Person :: Free Essay Writer

What it Means to Value Another Person What does it mean to value another person? The major consideration is to value their ideas and feelings. As an individual is natural for us to put our ideas and feelings first, above all else and not consider others. When valuing another person as an individual you must take the time to listen to all their concerns and take action and follow up on them. As individuals we must all be treated differently because of our different needs. For all individuals there must be made an attempt to be fair and even with the enforcement of rules and regulations. To value another person we must also value their ideas on an individual basis. As an individual our ideas will be different in most areas of life. This does not mean that we must agree with every idea presented to us. To value another persons idea we must give it full consideration and then make a decision based on the needs of the whole not just on the needs of the individual. To do this we must make an attempt to place their ideas on an equal footing with all others and evaluate the merit of the idea. How do you value another person’s feelings? First we must take the time to listen to the problem or idea they have. In some cases this will be enough to show the value you place in them. Next we must put ourselves in their position to get some idea of where the feelings are coming from. Next their needs to be some attempt to find an outlet for those feelings if needed. This solution or outlet will be important if the act of listening and valuing is not enough to assist the individual in their issues. Rules and regulations must be enforced evenly and without prejudice for all individuals. The easiest way to not value an individual is to treat them unfairly. This sounds like a simple cut and dry issue but policy and rule enforcement are the biggest issues to and individual if they perceive them to be enforced unfairly.

Business Buying Behavior

Business buyer Behavior| | | | In last Lesson we discussed the Consumer Buying behavior. Today We will discuss business buyer behaviour, types of buying situations, participants in the business buying process, and major influences on business buyers so our today’s topic is:BUSINESS MARKETS AND BUYING BEHAVIORThe  business market  includes firms that buy goods and services in order to produce products and services to sell to others. It also includes retailing and wholesaling firms that buy goods in order toects resell them at a profit. Because asp of business-to-business marketing apply to  institutional  markets  and  government markets, we group these together. The business marketer needs to know the following: Who are the major participants? In what decisions do they exercise influence? What is their relative degree of influence? What evaluation criteria does each decision participant use? The business marketer also needs to understand the major environmental, interpersonal, and individual influences on the buying process. A. What is a Business Market? The business market comprises all the organizations that buy goods and services for use in the production of other products and services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others. It also includes retailing and wholesaling firms that acquire goods for the purpose of reselling or renting them to others at a profit. In the business buying process business buyers determine which products and services their organizations need to purchase, and then find, evaluate, and choose among alternative suppliers and brands. Companies that sell to other business organizations must do their best to understand business markets and business buyer behavior. B. Characteristics of Business MarketsIn some ways, business markets are similar to consumer markets. Both involve people who assume buying roles and make purchase decisions to satisfy needs. However, business markets differ in many ways from consumer markets. The main differences, are in the market structure and demand, the nature of the buying unit, and the types of decisions and the decision process involved. Business markets also have their own characteristics. In some ways, they are similar to consumer markets, but in other ways they are very different. The main differences include:1. Market structure and demand. Business markets typically deal with far fewer but far larger buyers. They are more geographically concentrated. Business markets have derived demand  (business demand that ultimately comes from or derives from the demand for consumer goods). Many business markets have  inelastic demand; that is, total demand for many business products is not affected much by price changes, especially in the short run. A drop in the price of leather will not cause shoe manufacturers to buy much more leather unless it results in lower shoe prices that, in turn, will increase consumer demand for shoes. Finally, business markets have morefluctuating demand. The demand for many business goods and services tends to change more—and more quickly—than the demand for consumer goods and services does. A small percentage increase in consumer demand can cause large increases in business demand. Sometimes a rise of only 10 percent in consumer demand can cause as much as a 200 percent rise in business demand during the next period. 2. Nature of the Buying Unit:Compared with consumer purchases, a business purchase usually involves more decision participants and a more professional purchasing effort. Often, business buying is done by trained purchasing agents who spend their working lives learning how to make better buying decisions. Buying committees made up of technical experts and top management are common in the buying of major goods. Companies are putting their best and brightest people on procurement patrol. Therefore, business marketers must have well-trained salespeople to deal with well-trained buyers. 3. Types of Decisions and the Decision ProcessBusiness buyers usually face  more complex  buying decisions than do consumer buyers. Purchases often involve large sums of money, complex technical and economic considerations, and interactions among many people at many levels of the buyer's organization. Because the purchases are more complex, business buyers may take longer to make their decisions. The business buying process tends to be  more formalized  than the consumer buying process. Large business purchases usually call for detailed product specifications, written purchase orders, careful supplier searches, and formal approval. The buying firm might even prepare policy manuals that detail the purchase process. Finally, in the business buying process, buyer and seller are often much  more dependent  on each other. Consumer marketers are often at a distance from their customers. In contrast, business marketers may roll up their sleeves and work closely with their customers during all stages of the buying process—from helping customers define problems, to finding solutions, to supporting after-sale operation. They often customize their offerings to individual customer needs. In the short run, sales go to suppliers who meet buyers' immediate product and service needs. C. Business Buyer BehaviorThe model in Figure suggests four questions about business buyer behavior: What buying decisions do business buyers make? Who participates in the buying process? What are the major influences on buyers? How do business buyers make their buying decisions? a. A Model of Business Buyer BehaviorAt the most basic level, marketers want to know how business buyers will respond to various marketing stimuli. Figure shows a model of business buyer behavior. In this model, marketing and other stimuli affect the buying organization and produce certain buyer responses. As with consumer buying, the marketing stimuli for business buying consist of the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Other stimuli include major forces in the environment: economic, technological, political, cultural, and competitive. These stimuli enter the organization and are turned into buyer responses: product or service choice; supplier choice; order quantities; and delivery, service, and payment terms. In order to design good marketing mix strategies, the marketer must understand what happens within the organization to turn stimuli into purchase responses. Within the organization, buying activity consists of two major parts: the buying center, made up of all the people involved in the buying decision, and the buying decision process. The model shows that the buying center and the buying decision process are influenced by internal organizational, interpersonal, and individual factors as well as by external environmental factors. b. Major Types of Buying SituationsThere are three major types of buying situations. At one extreme is the  straight rebuy,  which is a fairly routine decision. At the other extreme is the  new task,  which may call for thorough research. In the middle is themodified rebuy,  which requires some research. In a  straight rebuy  the buyer reorders something without any modifications. It is usually handled on a routine basis by the purchasing department. Based on past buying satisfaction, the buyer simply chooses from the various suppliers on its list. â€Å"In† suppliers try to maintain product and service quality. In a  modified rebuy, the buyer wants to modify product specifications, prices, terms, or suppliers. The modified rebuy usually involves more decision participants than the straight rebuy. The in suppliers may become nervous and feel pressured to put their best foot forward to protect an account. Out suppliers may see the modified rebuy situation as an opportunity to make a better offer and gain new business. A company buying a product or service for the first time faces a  new-task  situation. In such cases, the greater the cost or risk, the larger the number of decision participants and the greater their efforts to collect information will be. The new-task situation is the marketer's greatest opportunity and challenge. The marketer not only tries to reach as many key buying influences as possible but also provides help and information. The buyer makes the fewest decisions in the straight rebuy and the most in the new-task decision. In the new-task situation, the buyer must decide on product specifications, suppliers, price limits, payment terms, order quantities, delivery times, and service terms. The order of these decisions varies with each situation, and different decision participants influence each choice. c. Participants in the Business Buying ProcessThe decision-making unit of a buying organization is called its buying center: all the individuals and units that participate in the business decision-making process. The buying center includes all members of the organization who play any of five roles in the purchase decision process. †¢Ã‚  Users  are members of the organization who will use the product or service. In many cases, users initiate the buying proposal and help define product specifications. †¢Ã‚  Influencers  often help define specifications and also provide information for evaluating alternatives. Technical personnel are particularly important influencers. †¢Ã‚  Buyers  have formal authority to select the supplier and arrange terms of purchase. Buyers may help shape product specifications, but their major role is in selecting vendors and negotiating. In more complex purchases, buyers might include high-level officers participating in the negotiations. †¢Ã‚  Deciders  have formal or informal power to select or approve the final suppliers. In routine buying, the buyers are often the deciders, or at least the approvers. †¢Ã‚  Gatekeepers  control the flow of information to others. For example, purchasing agents often have authority to prevent salespersons from seeing users or deciders. Other gatekeepers include technical personnel and even personal secretaries. The buying center is not a fixed and formally identified unit within the buying organization. It is a set of buying roles assumed by different people for different purchases. Within the organization, the size and makeup of the buying center will vary for different products and for different buying situations. Business marketers working in global markets may face even greater levels of buying center influence. The buying center concept presents a major marketing challenge. The business marketer must learn who participates in the decision, each participant's relative influence, and what evaluation criteria each decision participant uses. The buying center usually includes some obvious participants who are involved formally in the buying decision. d. Major Influences on Business BuyersBusiness buyers are subject to many influences when they make their buying decisions. Some marketers assume that the major influences are economic. They think buyers will favor the supplier who offers the lowest price or the best product or the most service. They concentrate on offering strong economic benefits to buyers. However, business buyers actually respond to both economic and personal factors. Far from being cold, calculating, and impersonal, business buyers are human and social as well. They react to both reason and emotion. Today, most business-to-business marketers recognize that emotion plays an important role in business buying decisions. When suppliers' offers are very similar, business buyers have little basis for strictly rational choice. Because they can meet organizational goals with any supplier, buyers can allow personal factors to play a larger role in their decisions. However, when competing products differ greatly, business buyers are more accountable for their choice and tend to pay more attention to economic factors. Figure lists various groups of influences on business buyers— environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual. Major Influences on Business Buyers†¢Ã‚  Environmental FactorsBusiness buyers are influenced heavily by factors in the current and expected  economic environment,  such as the level of primary demand, the economic outlook, and the cost of money. As economic uncertainty rises, business buyers cut back on new investments and attempt to reduce their inventories. An increasingly important environmental factor is shortages in key materials. Many companies now are more willing to buy and hold larger inventories of scarce materials to ensure adequate supply. Business buyers also are affected by technological, political, and competitive developments in the environment. Culture and customs can strongly influence business buyer reactions to the marketer's behavior and strategies, especially in the international marketing environment. The business marketer must watch these factors, determine how they will affect the buyer, and try to turn these challenges into opportunities.   Organizational FactorsEach buying organization has its own objectives, policies, procedures, structure, and systems. The business marketer must know these  organizational factors  as thoroughly as possible. Questions such as these arise: How many people are involved in the buying decision? Who are they? What are their  evaluative criteria? What are the company's polici es and limits on its buyers? Interpersonal FactorsThe buying center usually includes many participants who influence each other. The business marketer often finds it difficult to determine what kinds of  interpersonal factors  and group dynamics enter into the buying process. Participants may have influence in the buying decision because they control rewards and punishments, are well liked, have special expertise, or have a special relationship with other important participants. Interpersonal factors are often very subtle. Whenever possible, business marketers must try to understand these factors and design strategies that take them into account. Individual FactorsEach participant in the business buying decision process brings in personal motives, perceptions, and preferences. These individual factors are affected by personal characteristics such as age, income, education, professional identification, personality, and attitudes toward risk. Also, buyers have different buying styles. Some may be technical types who make in-depth analyses of competitive proposals before choosing a supplier. Other buyers may be intuitive negotiators who are adept at pitting the sellers against one another for the best deal. D. The Business Buying ProcessThere are eight stages of the business buying process. Buyers who face a new-task buying situation usually go through all stages of the buying process. Buyers making modified or straight rebuys may skip some of the stages. We will examine these steps for the typical new-task buying situation. a. Problem RecognitionThe buying process begins when someone in the company recognizes a problem or need that can be met by acquiring a specific product or service. Problem recognition can result from internal or external stimuli. Internally, the company may decide to launch a new product that requires new production equipment and materials. Or a machine may break down and need new parts. Perhaps a purchasing manager is unhappy with a current supplier's product quality, service, or prices. Externally, the buyer may get some new ideas at a trade show, see an ad, or receive a call from a salesperson who offers a better product or a lower price. In fact, in their advertising, business marketers often alert customers to potential problems and then show how their products provide solutions. b. General Need DescriptionHaving recognized a need, the buyer next prepares a general need description that describes the characteristics and quantity of the needed item. For standard items, this process presents few problems. For complex items, however, the buyer may have to work with others—engineers, users, consultants—to define the item. The team may want to rank the importance of reliability, durability, price, and other attributes desired in the item. In this phase, the alert business marketer can help the buyers define their needs and provide information about the value of different product characteristics. c. Product SpecificationThe buying organization next develops the item's technical product specifications, often with the help of a value analysis engineering team. Value analysis is an approach to cost reduction in which components are studied carefully to determine if they can be redesigned, standardized, or made by less costly methods of production. The team decides on the best product characteristics and specifies them accordingly. Sellers, too, can use value analysis as a tool to help secure a new account. By showing buyers a better way to make an object, outside sellers can turn straight rebuy situations into new-task situations that give them a chance to obtain new business. d. Supplier SearchThe buyer now conducts a supplier search to find the best vendors. The buyer can compile a small list of qualified suppliers by reviewing trade directories, doing a computer search, or phoning other companies for recommendations. Today, more and more companies are turning to the Internet to find suppliers. For marketers, this has leveled the playing field—smaller suppliers have the same advantages as larger ones and can be listed in the same online catalogs for a nominal fee: The newer the buying task, and the more complex and costly the item, the greater the amount of time the buyer will spend searching for suppliers. The supplier's task is to get listed in major directories and build a good reputation in the marketplace. Salespeople should watch for companies in the process of searching for suppliers and make certain that their firm is considered. e. Proposal SolicitationIn the proposal solicitation stage of the business buying process, the buyer invites qualified suppliers to submit proposals. In response, some suppliers will send only a catalog or a salesperson. However, when the item is complex or expensive, the buyer will usually require detailed written proposals or formal presentations from each potential supplier. Business marketers must be skilled in researching, writing, and presenting proposals in response to buyer proposal solicitations. Proposals should be marketing documents, not just technical documents. Presentations should inspire confidence and should make the marketer's company stand out from the competition. f. Supplier SelectionThe members of the buying center now review the proposals and select a supplier or suppliers. During supplier selection, the buying center often will draw up a list of the desired supplier attributes and their relative importance. In one survey, purchasing executives listed the following attributes as most important in influencing the relationship between supplier and customer: quality products and services, on-time delivery, ethical corporate behavior, honest communication, and competitive prices. Other important factors include repair and servicing capabilities, technical aid and advice, geographic location, performance history, and reputation. The members of the buying center will rate suppliers against these attributes and identify the best suppliers. As part of the buyer selection process, buying centers must decide how many suppliers to use. In the past, many companies preferred a large supplier base to ensure adequate supplies and to obtain price concessions. These companies would insist on annual negotiations for contract renewal and would often shift the amount of business they gave to each supplier from year to year. Increasingly, however, companies are reducing the number of suppliers. There is even a trend toward single sourcing, using one supplier. With single sourcing there is only one supplier to handle and it is easier to control newsprint inventories. Using one source not only can translate into more consistent product performance, but it also allows press rooms to configure themselves for one particular kind of newsprint rather than changing presses for papers with different attributes. Many companies, however, are still reluctant to use single sourcing. They fear that they may become too dependent on the single supplier or that the single-source supplier may become too comfortable in the relationship and lose its competitive edge. Some marketers have developed programs that address these concerns. g. Order-Routine SpecificationThe buyer now prepares an order-routine specification. It includes the final order with the chosen supplier or suppliers and lists items such as technical specifications, quantity needed, expected time of delivery, return policies, and warranties. In the case of maintenance, repair, and operating items. h. Performance ReviewIn this stage, the buyer reviews supplier performance. The buyer may contact users and ask them to rate their satisfaction. The performance review may lead the buyer to continue, modify, or drop the arrangement. The seller's job is to monitor the same factors used by the buyer to make sure that the seller is giving the expected satisfaction. We have described the stages that typically would occur in a new-task buying situation. The eightstage model provides a simple view of the business buying decision process. The actual process is usually much more complex. In the modified rebuy or straight rebuy situation, some of these stages would be compressed or bypassed. Each organization buys in its own way, and each buying situation has unique requirements. Different buying center participants may be involved at different stages of the process. Although certain buying process steps usually do occur, buyers do not always follow them in the same order, and they may add other steps. Often, buyers will repeat certain stages of the process. E. Institutional and Government MarketsSo far, our discussion of organizational buying has focused largely on the buying behavior of business buyers. Much of this discussion also applies to the buying practices of institutional and government organizations. However, these two nonbusiness markets have additional characteristics and needs. In this final section, we address the special features of institutional and government markets. a. Institutional MarketsThe institutional market consists of schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions that provide goods and services to people in their care. Institutions differ from one another in their sponsors and in their objectives. Many institutional markets are characterized by low budgets and captive patrons. For example, hospital patients have little choice but to eat whatever food the hospital supplies. A hospital-purchasing agent has to decide on the quality of food to buy for patients. Because the food is provided as a part of a total service package, the buying objective is not profit. Nor is strict cost minimization the goal—patients receiving poorquality food will complain to others and damage the hospital's reputation. Thus, the hospitalpurchasing agent must search for institutional-food vendors whose quality meets or exceeds a certain minimum standard and whose prices are low. Many marketers set up separate divisions to meet the special characteristics and needs of institutional buyers. . Government MarketsThe government market offers large opportunities for many companies, both big and small. In most countries, government organizations are major buyers of goods and services. Government buying and business buying are similar in many ways. But there are also differences that must be understood by companies that wish to sell products and services to governments. To succe ed in the government market, sellers must locate key decision makers, identify the factors that affect buyer behavior, and understand the buying decision process. Government organizations typically require suppliers to submit bids, and normally they award the contract to the lowest bidder. In some cases, the government unit will make allowance for the supplier's superior quality or reputation for completing contracts on time. Many companies that sell to the government have not been marketing oriented for a number of reasons. Total government spending is determined by elected officials rather than by any marketing effort to develop this market. Government buying has emphasized price, making suppliers invest their effort in technology to bring costs down. When the product's characteristics are specified carefully, product differentiation is not a marketing factor. Nor do advertising or personal selling matter much in winning bids on an open-bid basis. Key TermsBusiness Markets:The  business market  includes firms that buy goods and services in order to produce products and services to sell to others. Straight Re-buythe buyer reorders something without any modifications. Modified Re-buy  the buyer wants to modify product specifications, prices, terms, or suppliers. New Task Buying  A company buying a product or service. Users  are members of the organization who will use the product or service. In many cases, users initiate the buying proposal and help define product specifications. Influencers  Often help define specifications and also provide information for evaluating alternatives. Technical personnel are particularly important influencers. Buyershave formal authority to select the supplier and arrange terms of purchase. Decidershave formal or informal power to select or approve the final suppliers. Gatekeeperscontrol the flow of information to others. |

Palmers Limited Case Study

Cost's they overlook the quality. While BC tries to look pretty to their customer, Cost pay less attention to their look and more to provide the lowest prices for their members. From 1997 to 2001, Wall-Mart store numbers were increased by 53, Bi's stores went up by 50, but Cost went up by 91 . Cost's business strategy Is very simple, â€Å"To generate high sales volumes and rapid Inventory turnover by offering members very low prices on a limited selection of nationally branded and select private-label products In a wide range of merchandise categories† (Thompson, 2008) .They have able to implement this strategy very successfully. They have also been very successful in making their customer believe that product is a better quality than their competitors, interestingly their competitors in most cases don't carry the same kind of product. Cost's marketing strategy is simple yet effective, the idea of providing the lowest price and good quality product is a strategy to be reckon with. Plus there marketing idea of â€Å"Treasure Hunt† has allowed them to saved tons of money from broad advertisement.After a membership base Is established In an area, most new memberships came from word of mouth. This simple marketing and advertisement strategy has allowed Cost to keep Its marketing expenses low relative to those at typical retailers, discounter, and supermarkets. Cost is also known for its price strategy. They have become a master in providing top quality products even including some brand products at the lowest price possible to their customers.Instead of marking up their cap to 20 or 50 percent like their competitors they decided to cap their mark up to only 14 percent, which itself a key element in Cost's pricing strategy. This also indicates that Cost is trying to do what it takes to please their customer to increase their profits so they can make their shareholders happy at same time. It's this price strategy that has allows Cost to only only make profit over the year, but Increase their member to $110. Cost's product selection strategy Is also very Impressive. Unlike their competitor who carry from where from 40000 to 1 50000 SKU items , Cost decided to selecting Ana prove only auto mess I en last Includes everyday Items sun as kitchen supplies, Electronics, health and beauty products, automotive supplies, gasoline, games, cleaning supplies, canned goods, Food. They categories their product in commercial and professional use. Plus, Cost's treasure hunt merchandising strategy is also an attention grabber. Out of the 4000 items on the floor about 1000 were the treasure hunt product, meaning their prices with constantly changing.In most cases these were higher end products like furniture and TV. Cost's growth strategy is also quite remarkable. On average they have been opening about 20 to 25 new stores each year. Most of them in American but some internationally as well including; Canada, Korea, I-J, Japan, Canada, and Mexico. In recent year they experimented by opening independent Furniture store to sell high end bigger furniture items which resulted in good success. Later rather than opening more stores they instead added extra space about 45000 square feet to the Cost it self and called it Cost Home.Now the furniture category has become on of the tope 5 selling items on Cost's website. They are very innovative when it comes to their warehouse and management strategy. Cost's CEO, Jim Senegal, quoted, â€Å"Cost is able to offer lower prices and deter values by eliminating virtually all the frills and costs historically associated with conventional wholesalers and retailers, including salespeople, fancy buildings, delivery, billing, and accounts receivable. We run a tight operation with extremely low overhead which enables us to pass on dramatic savings to our members†. They stored the inventory on racks above the items being sold in the warehouse. That reduced their labor cost and saved them a lo t time on handling and stocking. They treat their manager as entrepreneur and allows them to decide what item should be sold in their store. They adored most of the inventory directly from the manufactures. It either came directly to the store or went to their distribution center called crosschecking depots. The point of these depots were to reduce the transportation cost by making sure all truck are full when they come the store.As an investor I wouldn't would want to invest in a company that has a good reputation, consistently growing, good sustainable growth, and good future plans. Let's talk about sustainable growth rate, which basically means that a firm can grow while keeping its profitability and financial policies unchanged. Sustainable growth model allows us to segregate reasons or changes that have led as a company to substantial growth so at the same time we can segregate the causes for those change. It is represented in four steps.

social issue essays

social issue essays The population of our planet will quickly reach a point, where there will not be an adequate amount of resources to support life on Earth. Population control must be enforced to avoid such a catastrophic occurrence. Many, economic, social and environmental problems are either affiliated with or are increased due to overpopulation. With an exponentially increasing world population, the problems created by overpopulation grow correspondingly. In order to stabilize the massive population, the world must work together to maintain population stability. Population- the inhabitants of a given area, but perhaps most importantly, the human inhabitants of the Earth (numbering about 5.4 billion in 1992), Who by their increasing numbers and corresponding increasing needs can seriously affect the global ecosystem. The idea that population growth is the key cause of ecological problems is extremely commonplace. Truth.(Dean Fraser, The People Problem). Capitalism is the main cause of both overpopulation and ecological crisis. Population growth, far from being the cause of poverty, is in fact the result of it. Obviously, immediately provide better education and access to contraceptives across the planet as well as raising the elite by keeping the cost of labor. To see such developments as primary causes of population growth is to ignore the central role played by poverty, the disruption of cultural patterns, and the need for cheap labor due to capitalism(Murray Bookchin). General population increase in the world was non-existent until the Industrial Revolution. From the time of the Roman Empire to the colonialization of America, the world population grew from about a quarter billion to a half-billion persons. By the mid- 19th century, however, it had grown to about one billion, and by 1930 it had risen to about 2 billion; the United Nation estimates the current world ...

Analysis Of Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin Of The Sun Essay -- Thought,

Mama plays a major role in this story that recognizes her as a strong, independent woman who cares fully for her family. Mama who is also known as Lena Younger, tries to get her family to live a better future financially as well as a steady fulfilled lifestyle. The money expected for the Youngers brings a great deal of trust issues and thought to see what is best for the family. That is to say, everyone in the Younger’s family give their personal beliefs in what should be done with the large amount of money. Mama; however, decides it would be best to use her husband’s money to invest in a comfortable home where every family member will have space to live in under the same roof. A place where they wouldn’t have to share a bedroom and bathroom with everyone like they have been in the apartment they have been living in for the past time. This woman desires to see her grandchildren have enough play area outdoors so they can invest most of their time in the dirt and p rovide a w... ... middle of paper ... ...or everyone in the household and fail to meet that one major responsibility. Needless to say, Ms. Lena was having to deal with multiple situations that made her realize it was time for a change in the family. As a result, Lena Younger is very optimistic about her possessions and believes that her children can be more positive and useful towards the family as long as they decide to put their family first in everything they do. Mama is also a patient woman that no matter how many times she has to deal with the mischievous acts she acquires from her children, she tends to find a way to manage things in a calm, respectful way. Knowing how thoughtful Mama is about her family and environment, she deserves more than just a few gifts that were given to her by her family. Mama is simply a woman that should be respected as a person no matter how rough she may sound sometimes.

Business analysis of a restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business analysis of a restaurant - Essay Example The foods offered at the Straits Cafe are described in the elegant menus that are split according to meals, which include breakfast, dinner, brunch and dessert. The variety of foods served at the cafe ensure that the needs of all customers are met leading to customer satisfaction and loyalty, which transforms into high profits for the company (Yu 12). Location of the Restaurant The Straits Cafe is located in the heart of downtown. The mall in which the hotel operates is known as the Westfield San Francisco Centre. The Westfield San Francisco Centre is an urban shopping mall located in San Francisco, California (Roy 19). The mall is run by Westfielf Group and jointly owned by Forest City Enterprises. The businesses that surround the mall include Century Theatres, Bristol Farms grocery and San Francisco State Univerity. The Westfield San Francisco Centre operates between 10:00 am to 8:30 p.m. from Monday to Saturday, but closes at 7:00 pm on Sunday; however, the operation time for rest aurants and bars may differ (Roy 22). The Westfield San Francisco Centre attracts and retains major customers who find their way into the restaurant. The mall attracts more than twenty million tourists from across the world during all the four seasons (Roy 10). The mall offers a range of accommodations that meet all travellers’ needs. ... The Straits Cafe management team has witnessed additional visitors seeking accommodation in the restaurant. This has forced the hotel managers to hire an extra hall on the third floor of the mall that presently accommodates thirty-five customers. Competitors Stiff competition is one of the greatest challenges facing the Straits Cafe. There are several restaurants and cafes offering similar services in the Westfield San Francisco Centre (Roy 6). These include Hotel Palomar, Hotel Diva, Union Square Hotel, the Four Seasons San Francisco and Chinatown Hotel. Chinatown Hotel is just next to the Strait Cafe, and it offers almost similar products to Straits Cafe. Chinatown Hotel, however, has limited capacity; this factor gives the Straits Cafe a competitive advantage over Chinatown Hotel. This competition has led to the management introducing semi-private rooms and private rooms that attract customers who intend to hold private parties (Yu 16). Scale and Decoration The Straits Cafe occupi es a floor space of three hundred square meters. The kitchen and the bar alone occupy sixty and twenty square meters respectively. The interior of the restaurant has enough space and capacity to accommodate one hundred and twenty guests. The floor space is large enough to place thirty tables and leave passages between the sitting tables. The sitting arrangement is strategically planned by the management to avoid long waiting lists when customers place orders. The walls of the restaurant are beautifully decorated. The restaurant is equipped with high tech facilities that provide comfortable services to the customers. Adequate kitchen space enables the customers to pass through the cooking place and inspect the sanitation of the kitchen (Yu 22). This